RESUMO
Introducción El Trastorno Bipolar es una enfermedad que causa discapacidad física y cognitiva, afectando tanto a hombres como mujeres, con edad de inicio temprano y con un alto componente hereditario. Objetivo Estimar el comportamiento del Trastorno Bipolar, variables sociodemográficas, antecedentes y su relación con los genes CACNA1C (12p13.3) y DAOA (13q34) entre personas de 18 años y más en áreas específicas de la Región de Azuero de Panamá. Metodología La muestra calculada fue de 267 personas de 18 años y más (IC 95%) utilizando un muestreo aleatorio, de distribución proporcional según sexo. Se utilizaron las variables: "trastorno bipolar" medido a través del cuestionario de trastornos del estado de ánimo (Mood Disorder Questionnaire, MDQ por sus siglas en inglés); "genes asociados a la bipolaridad" (genes CACNA1C (12p13.3) y DAOA (13q34)); y un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y antecedentes personales familiares. El análisis genético se realizó con PCR (tiempo real). Se utilizaron porcentajes como medida de frecuencia relativa y se consideró significancia estadística para un valor de p ≤ 0.05. Resultados La prevalencia de bipolaridad en la muestra estudiada fue 3.7% (IC 95% 3.5 4.1), siendo mayor en mujeres, 6.0% (IC 95% 5.9 6.3). El 74.2% (IC 95% 73.9 74.4) de los participantes tenía presente el polimorfismo del gen CACNA1C (12p13.3), y 19.1% (IC 95% 18.9 19.4) el del gen DAOA (13q34). Para todas las variables de estudio, la presencia del gen CACNA1C (12p13.3) fue mayor que la del gen DAOA (13q34). De los 10 casos con MDQ+, 3 presentaron el gen CACNA1C. Conclusión Esta es la primera investigación sobre bipolaridad, genes y otros factores asociados en Panamá. El gen CACNA1C fue más prevalente que el DAOA y se asoció más al MDQ +.
Introduction Bipolar disorder is a disease that causes physical and cognitive disability, affecting both men and women, with an early onset age and a high hereditary component. Objective To estimate Bipolar Disorder demeanor, sociodemographic variables, antecedents and its relationship with CACNA1C (12p13.3) and DAOA (13q34) genes among people aged 18 years and over in specific areas of the Azuero Region of Panama. Methodology The calculated sample was 267 people aged 18 and over (95% CI) using random sampling, proportional distribution according to sex. The variables were used: "bipolar disorder" measured through the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ); "genes associated with bipolarity" (CACNA1C (12p13.3) and DAOA (13q34) genes); and a sociodemographic data questionnaire and personal family background. The genetic analysis was performed with PCR (real time). Percentages were used as a re of relative frequency and statistical significance was considered for a value of p ≤ 0.05. Results The prevalence of bipolarity in the studied sample was 3.7% (CI 95% 3.5 4.1), being higher in women, 6.0% (CI 95% 5.9 6.3). 74.2% (CI 95% 73.9 74.4) of the participants were aware of the polymorphism of the CACNA1C gene (12p13.3), and 19.1% (CI 95% 18.9 19.4) of the DAOA gene (13q34). For all study variables, the presence of the CACNA1C gene (12p13.3) was greater than that of the DAOA gene (13q34). Of the 10 cases with MDQ +, 3 presented the CACNA1C gene. ConclusionThis is the first research on bipolarity, genes and other associated factors in Panama. The CACNA1C gene was more prevalent than DAOA and was more associated with MDQ +.
Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar , Transtorno Bipolar/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Bipolares e Relacionados/epidemiologia , Mania , Transtornos Mentais , Polimorfismo Genético , Esquizofrenia/genética , Depressão/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To estimate the prevalence of obesity in Panama and determine some risk factors and associated diseases in adults aged 18 years and older. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the provinces of Panama and Colon where 60.4 % of all Panamanians 18 years or older reside, by administering a survey regarding the consumption of protective and predisposing foods and assessing the development of obesity by measuring the weight, height, and waist circumference of 3590 people. A single-stage, probabilistic, and randomized sampling strategy employing multivariate stratification was used. Individuals with a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m(2) (men and women) were considered obese. Prevalence and descriptive analysis were conducted according to sex using Odds Ratio, with statistical significance set at a p value ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: The general prevalence of obesity was 27.1 % (30.9 % women and 18.3 % men). In women, obesity was associated with living in urban areas, being 40-59 years of age, being Afro-Panamanian, consuming beverages / foods rich in sugar, being physically inactive and having a family history of obesity. In men, obesity was associated with living in urban areas, consuming beverages/foods rich in sugar, and having a family history of obesity. Almost the totality of obese women (97.9 %), and 80.0 % of men with obesity had abdominal obesity according to the WHO classification. In both sexes, obesity was a risk factor associated to type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, LDL values ≥ 100 mg/dL, and low HDL values (<50 mg/dL for women and < 40 mg/dL for men), Odds Ratio > 1.0; P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity represents a very serious threat to Panamanian public health. Our study confirms a direct association in Panama between excess weight, hypertension, type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, LDL values ≥ 100 mg/dL and low HDL values for women and men (<50 mg/dL and < 40 mg/dL, respectively). Intervention / treatment programs should be targeted, specially, to Afro-Panamanian women, whom are 40-59 years old, living in urban areas, and those having a family history of obesity.
